Common Conditions

When a child has a milk allergy, even a small amount of milk can cause a life-threatening reaction. For that reason, your child must stay away from dairy products and any foods likely to contain milk.

When a child has a peanut allergy, any contact with peanuts may cause a life-threatening reaction. For that reason, your child must stay away from peanuts and anything that contains them.

Children allergic to one type of shellfish, such as lobster, often react to other types as well. For that reason, your child should stay away from all shellfish.

Soy foods, such as tofu, may not play a large part in your child's everyday diet. But soy is used as a filler, binder, or flavoring in hundreds of products.

All true nuts, such as almonds and walnuts, grow on trees. Peanuts are a legume and grow underground. Yet many children who are allergic to tree nuts are also allergic to peanuts.

When a child has a wheat allergy, even a small amount of wheat can cause a life-threatening reaction. For that reason, your child must stay away from all foods that contain wheat.

Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergic reaction. It may happen from a few minutes to an hour or two after contact with an allergen. Anaphylaxis can cause the airways to swell, making it hard to breathe.

Hives are raised, red, itchy bumps on the skin. The bumps come and go for a few days and then go away completely. Here's what you need to know.

Nasal allergies are also called allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis is a reaction that occurs in the nose. It happens when irritants or allergens in the air trigger the body to make histamine. Histamine causes itching and inflammation. It also causes mucus to be made in the nose and sinus linings and eyelids.

Your child has a latex allergy if he or she is sensitive to natural rubber latex. Read on to learn about symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and more.

Immunotherapy is a way to treat allergies. It helps your child's body react less to the things that cause allergy symptoms. It is also known as desensitization, hyposensitization, or allergy shots.

Here's what you need to know about home care when your child has hives.

A metered-dose inhaler sends medicine to the airways in your lungs. You must use the inhaler the right way for it to work. This video shows you how to use one with a spacer.

A metered-dose inhaler sends medicine to the airways in your lungs. You must use the inhaler the right way for it to work. This video shows you how to use one with a spacer and a mask.

Keeping up with school, friends, and all your other activities can sometimes make it hard to control your asthma. That's where your asthma action plan comes in. It can help you prevent and deal with an asthma attack.

This video shows how to use a nebulizer with a child.

Watch this video to hear how teens feel about living with asthma.

Watch this to learn how to measure a child's peak flow when they have asthma.

Watch this video to learn how to teach your child to a metered-dose inhaler without a spacer.

Watch this video to learn how to teach your child to use an inhaler with a spacer.

It's important to tell your child's teachers and other school staff about your child's asthma. That way, they can help your child if symptoms get worse, or if your child has an asthma attack at school.

During an asthma flare-up, the lining of the airways swells even more and makes extra mucus. This makes the airways even narrower. The muscles around the airways also tighten, making it even harder for air to get in and out of the lungs.

A nebulizer is a device that delivers medicine directly to the lungs. It turns medicine into a fine mist. Your child breathes the mist in through a mask or a mouthpiece. To help your child use their nebulizer, follow the steps below.

Ask your healthcare provider which sports and exercises are best for you. Here is a picture that shows many fun activities. Circle the sports you enjoy or would like to try.

If you have asthma, you can enjoy sports if you know how to do them safely. Being active can even help your asthma. Besides being fun, exercise can make you a winner. Here are some examples.

Read on to learn about some common asthma triggers, and how to control them.

You can learn how to help control your asthma. One way is to learn about the things that make you have flare-ups. You can also learn how to know when a flare-up is on the way. The more you know, the easier it will be to control your asthma.

Use this fun sheet to find your asthma triggers.

You like to stay busy and have fun. But you may be afraid asthma will slow you down. Do your best to control your asthma. Then you can do all the things you like to do! Use this fun sheet to find the best answer for each problem.

People who don't have asthma may not know how it makes you feel. Try not to get angry with them. Instead, help them learn more about asthma. If you're afraid to speak up, ask your parents what words to say. Here are some things you can say to your family, friends, teachers, and other adults.

Asthma can't be cured, but it can be controlled. Get to know your child's asthma triggers and symptoms, and understand your child's treatment plan.

Asthma is a disease of the airways in the lungs. No one knows exactly why some children get it. And so far there isn't a cure. But it can be controlled so your child can enjoy a happy, active life.

Medicines are an important part of managing asthma. Ask your child's healthcare provider about your child's asthma medicines. Find out how they work, how they're taken, and what their possible side effects are. Read on for some helpful info to get you started.

Things that cause asthma flare-ups are called triggers. Dust and smoke are 2 common triggers. But each child's triggers can be different. Learning what causes your child's flare-ups will take time. Once you know, you can help your child control these triggers.

Your child will most likely have at least one inhaled type of asthma medicine. Which type depends on the kind of medicine she takes or on her age and preference.

Your child will likely spend time at the homes of family and friends, at daycare, or at school. Read on to learn what you can do to make it easier for your child and for those that care for him or her.

If your child's asthma treatment isn't working, don't give up! With the right plan, asthma can be controlled.

Don't let fear of an asthma flare-up keep your child from being active. The key is keeping their asthma under control. Read on for helpful tips to make exercise safer.

Asthma symptoms can be monitored by closely watching for early changes or by using a peak flow meter. A peak flow meter is a tool for testing how well your child's lungs are working. It can help warn you of a flare-up, even before there are symptoms. Make sure you know when you and your child should check his or her peak flow. And make sure that you and your child know how to use the meter correctly.

Help kids learn how asthma works with this easy-to-understand piece.

The Asthma Action Plan includes information about your child's symptoms and medicines. It also includes instructions about managing your child's symptoms and when to call their healthcare provider.

Hemolytic anemia occurs when the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs). Read on to learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.

Megaloblastic anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in the body. A child with megaloblastic anemia may feel very tired or have less energy than normal. Without treatment, symptoms can become severe and cause health problems.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is also known as G6PD deficiency. It occurs when the body does not have enough of an enzyme called G6PD. This enzyme is needed to help the red blood cells (RBCs) do their job.

Sickle cell anemia is a problem passed down through genes. It affects the red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs have a protein called hemoglobin that lets them carry oxygen through the body. With sickle cell anemia, a problem with the hemoglobin causes the cells to be C-shaped (like a sickle) instead of round. As a result, the cells can't move easily through the smallest blood vessels.

Your child has sickle cell anemia. This is a condition passed down through genes. It affects the red blood cells (RBCs), the cells that carry oxygen. Sickle cell disease can cause serious issues. Learn more about the condition here.

Beta thalassemia is a blood disorder. It affects the production of a protein in the red blood cells. Here's what you need to know about this condition.

Hemophilia is an inherited blood disorder. It occurs when your child is missing proteins called clotting factors in the blood. Clotting factors work with blood cells called platelets to control bleeding. Hemophilia is very serious and must be treated.

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a blood disorder that affects the platelets. Platelets (also called thrombocytes) are blood cells that help with clotting. With ITP, there are not enough platelets. As a result, your child can have more bleeding or bruising than normal.

In iron-deficiency anemia, the cause of anemia is not having enough iron in the body. Learn more about this condition, from symptoms and diagnosis to treatment and prevention.

For these disorders, the chest bones don't develop normally. These disorders can range from mild to severe.

Hip dysplasia is a problem with the hip joint. It is present at birth. Some babies may need a special harness to help place the hip in the proper position.

Congenital muscular torticollis is a harmless and very treatable condition that causes a twisting of the neck. Learn how it is treated.

Your newborn has a broken clavicle (collarbone). This is a common and treatable problem in newborns. Babies can easily fracture (break) their clavicle as they pass through the birth canal during birth. Large birthweight babies are more likely to have these fractures. The clavicle almost always heals with no problems.

Your child has been diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). This is a rare condition that causes bones to be very thin and delicate. So they break (fracture) easily. OI is sometimes called brittle bone disease. There are four types of OI that range from mild to severe. A child with OI will be referred to a pediatric orthopedist.

Your child has a clubfoot. Learn the possible causes and treatment for this condition.

Your child was born with metatarsus adductus (MTA). This is a foot deformity (problem with the shape of the foot). The front part of the foot (called the forefoot) is hooked inward. The back part of the foot and ankle are normal.

Your child was born with a foot deformity called calcaneovalgus. Learn how this condition is treated.

Learn the treatment options if your child is born with a deformity of the hand or foot.

If your child's legs are different lengths, it can result in problems as the child gets older. Learn about the treatment options.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone by a germ (bacteria or fungus). In children, infection in the long bones of the arms and legs are most common. A child with osteomyelitis will be referred to an orthopedist (doctor specializing in treating bone and joint problems) for evaluation and treatment.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis can be very serious if not treated. Learn how this conditions i treated.

JA means that the lining of one or more of your child's joints is inflamed. This causes pain and swelling. JA is long-term (chronic) condition.

Your child is having bone or joint surgery. The healthcare provider who does this surgery is called an orthopedic surgeon. This sheet can help you prepare your child and learn what to expect.

Your child has osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). This occurs when a small piece of bone and cartilage in a part of a joint separates from the bone around it. It's most common in the knee joint.

Strains, sprains, and contusions are common injuries in active children. These injuries are similar, but involve different types of body tissue.

Your child has a broken bone and may need to see an orthopedic surgeon. Learn more about how this is treated.

When your child's bone is broken (fractured), the broken ends of the bone must be held together so the bone can heal. External fixation is a method of holding a fractured bone securely in place. Here's what you need to know.

A spica cast is used to stabilize and protect the hip or thigh area for a set time. Read on to learn more.

Your child has a crack or break in 1 or more of the bones of the elbow joint. Learn about diagnosis and treatment.

Your child has a forearm fracture. That means they have a crack or break in 1or both of the forearm bones. Learn more about this type of fracture, from diagnosis and treatment to home care.

Your child has been diagnosed with a condition called jumper's knee. This is an irritation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia). Your child will have some pain. But the pain should go away with proper care. Learn details about that here.

Little leaguer's elbow or shoulder is caused by overuse of the arm. It's common among children who play sports, like baseball. Learn about treatment.

Your child has been diagnosed with Sever disease. Sever disease is an irritation of the area where the Achilles tendon attaches to the heel (calcaneus). Constant pulling on the Achilles tendon causes the area to become inflamed. This condition is painful. But with correct care, it can be treated.

Your child has been diagnosed with Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) disease. This is a problem with the head of the thighbone (femoral head). With LCP disease, the blood supply to the femoral head stops. Learn more about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Anyone can develop ankylosing spondylitis, even children. It's a type of arthritis that attacks the spine. When it's found in a child, it's called juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.

A nasal fracture is a break in one or more of the bones of the nose. It's also called a broken nose. Nasal fractures are more common in adults than in children.

This is a a type of surgery done to fix an abnormal curve of the spine known as scoliosis. Minimally invasive surgery uses 2 or more small cuts (incisions) instead of 1 large incision. This may lead to less pain after surgery, and faster recovery.

This is a a type of surgery done to fix an abnormal curve of the spine known as scoliosis. Minimally invasive surgery uses two or more small cuts (incisions) instead of one large incision. This may lead to less pain after surgery, and faster recovery.

A femoral osteotomy is a type of surgery. Your child may need it if they have a problem with their hip joint and thighbone.

JAS is a type of arthritis. It affects the spine and the places where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to the bone.

Psoriatic arthritis is a rare form of arthritis. It affects both the skin and the joints.

A strip craniectomy is a type of surgery done on the skull. It treats craniosynostosis.

Acute bronchitis occurs when the bronchial tubes (airways in the lungs) become infected or inflamed. This causes shortness of breath and coughing or wheezing.

Epiglottitis is a medical emergency. It's an infection of the epiglottis, the small flap of tissue that covers the windpipe (trachea). This condition causes swelling that may close off the airway and make it hard to breathe. If not treated quickly, it can be fatal.

Read on for details about breathing and the different parts of your child's respiratory system.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious, chronic, inherited disorder of the secretory glands. Here's what you need to know if you child has CF.

A sweat test confirms whether or not your child has cystic fibrosis. It is an easy, simple, and accurate test that's safe for a child of any age. Here's what to expect before, during, and after the test.

Your child's doctor may suggest many ways to maintain lung health. These include chest physical therapy (CPT), medicines, nutrition, and exercise.

Chest physical therapy (CPT) is a method for clearing mucus out of the lungs. Keeping the lungs clear helps your child breathe easier. Read on for helpful tips and instructions.

Cystic fibrosis can cause problems with the pancreas, liver, and other digestive organs. Good nutrition can help with some of these problems. It can also improve your child's immune system, decreasing the risk of infection.

Pleural effusion occurs when too much fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is the area between the chest wall and lung. Learn more about this condition and how it's treated.

Help your child know what to expect if he or she needs a sleep study.

Aspiration is when something enters the airway or lungs by accident. It may be food, liquid, or some other material. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia. Here's what you should know if your child has this problem.

Aspiration is when something enters the airway or lungs by accident. It may be food, liquid, or some other material. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia. Aspiration can happen when a person has dysphagia. It can also happen if a child has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

ARDS is a severe lung condition. It can happen within days after a serious illness or injury. In some children, it may occur without another illness or injury.

Bronchitis is inflammation and swelling of the lining of the lungs. It is often caused by a bacterial infection. This is treated with antibiotics.

Bronchitis is inflammation and swelling of the lining of the lungs. It is often caused by a viral infection. This is not treated with antibiotics.

Pneumonia is an infection deep within the lungs. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria.

Aspiration is when something enters the airway or lungs by accident. It may be food, liquid, or some other material. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia.

This condition causes your child to have noisy breathing. It can also sometimes cause breathing problems. But it often goes away over time.

Depending on your cancer and treatment plan, you may be able to keep going to school. Or you may need to take time off for your health.

Don't be afraid to ask your healthcare team about fertility issues. You may not be ready to have children now, but these topics are an important part of your future.

Having the right providers in place will keep you healthy and ready to tackle your future.

When treatment ends, make sure you have a summary of your treatment and a survivorship care plan. The survivorship care plan will outline screenings that are important for you.

Consider this your cheat sheet for cancer treatment options. It's a good starting point for understanding what might come next. But remember, just like in school or at your job, there's never a silly question.

Finding out you have cancer can be scary and overwhelming. Know that your family members, friends, and healthcare team are here for you every step of the way.

Because children's bodies are still growing, they react differently to treatment than adults.

To help things go as smoothly as possible with your child's treatment, here are some tips that may help.

Learning may look different now that your child is going through cancer treatment. They may have trouble with memory or the ability to focus.

Processing a cancer diagnosis can be an emotional time, perhaps more so if it involves your child. Here are tips on what to do next.

After cancer treatment, it's common and natural for you and your child to feel worried. The end of treatment brings up a number of questions about what comes next.

If your child has a brain tumor,it can help to know what to expect. This sheet can help.

Learn about the different types of tumors a child can have.

Your child has been diagnosed with cancer. You are likely feeling shocked and scared. You are not alone. Support and treatment are available. Your child's healthcare team will help you and your child every step of the way.

A team of highly trained specialists will help manage your child's care. You and your child will work closely with them. They will help you make choices about your child's health. They will help you and your child cope with cancer and its treatment. They can also answer your questions.

Your child with cancer will need pain management including medicines and other techniques. Learn more about these options.

Radiation therapy helps your child fight cancer. It uses strong X-rays to kill cancer cells. But the treatment can also cause side effects. Read on to learn about radiation and how you can help your child cope with its side effects.

Chemotherapy or "chemo" uses cancer-fighting medicines to destroy cancer cells. Chemo can be used alone or with surgery or radiation therapy to shrink a tumor or prevent its spread.

Hair loss is a commonside effect of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These tips can help you and your child prepare for and cope with hair loss.

Your child has a sore mouth and throat. This might be mucositis. It's a common, short-term side effect of many kinds of cancer treatment. Though it can be painful, it goes away over time after treatment ends.

Your child has been diagnosed with leukemia. This sheet can help you learn about this cancer and what to expect for treatment.

A diagnosis of cancer for your child is scary and confusing. Learn the basics about acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Learning that your child has cancer is scary and confusing. Your child's healthcare team will help you as you make important decisions about your child's care. In the meantime, here are some important facts about Hodgkin lymphoma.

Your child has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). You're likely feeling shocked and scared. But you're not alone. Support and treatment are available. Read on to learn more about NHL, from causes and symptoms to testing, stages, and treatment.

Your child has been diagnosed with Wilms tumor. You are likely feeling shocked and scared. You are not alone. Support and treatment are available. Read on to learn more about this condition.

Your child has been diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. You are likely feeling shocked and scared. You are not alone. Support and treatment are available. Your child's healthcare team will help you as you make important decisions regarding your child's health.

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer. It forms in the area of the nerves that control blood pressure and some hormones. Children of any age can get neuroblastoma. Children age 5 and younger are affected most often. Different kinds of treatment can help shrink the cancer and make your child feel better. Your child's healthcare team will work closely with you to make decisions about your child's health.

Your child has been diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). You are not alone. Support and treatment are available. Your child's healthcare team will help you as you make important decisions regarding your child's health.

Medulloblastoma is a type of brain cancer. It most often grows in children and young adults.

The truth is that life after cancer will be different, maybe even challenging in unexpected ways. Here are some tips to help you navigate this next chapter.

Watch this video to learn what Type 2 Diabetes is and hear from a teen living with the chronic condition.

Watch this video to learn ways you can support your teen who has type 1 diabetes.

Watch this video to learn the basics of type 2 diabetes and your important role in managing it.

Most children have had at least one middle ear infection by age 2. Treatment may depend on whether the problem is acute or chronic. It also depends on how often it comes back and how long it lasts.

Here are some things that you will need to do before your child's surgery.

Here is a list of things to bring to the hospital the day of your child's surgery.

Your child will be cared for by a surgical team. This team will include a surgeon, and one or more nurses, and other health professionals. An anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist will give your child medicine to make him or her fall asleep. Here is information about your child's surgery.

Anesthesia is medicine that lets your child sleep during surgery. It is given by a trained specialist. Read on to learn how anesthesia works.

This surgery is done by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) healthcare provider or otolaryngologist. During surgery, the healthcare provider removes the fluid from your child's middle ear and places a tiny tube in the eardrum. In most cases, surgery can be done on both ears in less than 30 minutes. In some children, the adenoids are also removed.

Strep throat is an infection caused by bacteria. It mainly affects children between ages 5 and 15, but it can affect adults too. Read on to learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment.

Your child had a procedure called mastoidectomy. This is the surgical removal of the mastoid bone, which is located behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is most often done to treat infection in the mastoid bone or surrounding tissue. Here's what you need to know about home care.

Your child had a procedure called tympanoplasty to repair a damaged eardrum. Here's what you need to know about home care following this procedure.

Sinusitis is a sinus infection. It can come on suddenly, often after a cold or the flu. It can also linger and become chronic sinusitis.

The inner ear plays a key role in helping the body keep its balance. With vertigo, a child feels like they are moving or spinning. This problem often goes away on its own, but treatment can help your child feel better.

Nosebleeds are common in children. They are usually not a sign of a serious problem. You can treat most nosebleeds at home. And you can take steps to help your child prevent them.

Your child's throat feels sore. This is likely because of redness and swelling of the throat.

"If your child spends a lot of time in the water and is having ear pain, he or she may have developed otitis externa. This is also known as ""swimmer's ear."" "

The word cleft means split or separation. Your child's upper lip is split because it didn't form correctly as they developed in the womb.

Many children are born with a cleft palate, cleft lip, or both. In the U.S., about 1 out of every 1,500 babies is born with a cleft palate. Your baby's palate can be repaired so the mouth looks and works normally.

Your child recently had surgery to help repair their cleft lip or cleft palate or both. As your child recovers, take these steps to help ensure that he or she heals correctly.

Treatment can help your child develop physically and emotionally. This sheet gives you tips on how to prepare your child for these important treatments.

Small children tend to put objects, such as food or toys, in their ears or nose. These objects can get stuck. This can lead to infection or problems with hearing or breathing.

Your child has mastoiditis. This is an infection of the mastoid, the hard, bony area located right behind the ear. It's most often the result of an infection that started in the middle ear and spread to the bone.

A normal larynx and epiglottis allow air to flow freely into the trachea. With laryngomalacia, the soft larynx and epiglottis collapse as your child breathes in. This can partially block airflow, causing noisy breathing.

No child is too young to have his or her hearing tested. In fact, some hearing tests can be done on newborns. These tests are important because they help identify hearing problems early. The sooner a hearing problem is found, the sooner managing hearing loss can begin.

There are 3 main types of hearing loss. These include conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Your child's audiologist can tell you which your child has and help you determine the next steps of care.

There are different options to help manage your child's hearing loss. You will work with your child's healthcare provider to find the best treatment for your child. A team of trained specialists will also help you and your child deal with challenges that may come up.

Hearing aids can help your child hear. Hearing aids work by making sound louder. Hearing aids can be worn at any age.

If your child has hearing loss, hearing aids may help him or her hear more easily. Hearing plays an important role in your child's development. Hearing helps your child learn to speak, understand language, and communicate with others.

Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a problem with the frenulum, the thin strip of tissue under the tongue. It connects from the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Some children are born with a frenulum that is too short and tight. This can cause problems with speech and eating.

Your child's thyroid gland is overactive and makes too much thyroid hormone. This means your child's thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. Read on to learn how to care for your child.

Hypothyroidism means the thyroid gland is less active than normal. Your child's symptoms may vary from mild to severe. Read on to learn about home care for your child.

Growth hormone deficiency is when a child doesn't have enough growth hormone. It affects how much a child grows, and it can cause other symptoms. It does not affect a child's brain or mental abilities.

A heart murmur is blood flow in the heart that makes a noise. Heart murmurs are common in children, and most often a normal part of growth. See how a heart murmur occurs, and when it may need to be treated.

Your child has been diagnosed with hypospadias. With this condition, the opening of the urethra is in an abnormal position. Learn more about this condition and how it's treated.

Your child has been diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). This condition affects the urinary tract. VUR is not painful. And it can be treated or managed. In some cases, children even outgrow the condition. Your child's healthcare provider will tell you more about choices for your child.

Hydronephrosis is swelling of a kidney due to a backup of urine. It may be mild, moderate, or severe. Often, the condition is not serious. For many children, the problem goes away with time. In some cases, treatment is needed. Read on to learn more.

Your child has been diagnosed with neurogenic bladder. This is a problem with the nerves that carry signals to and from your child's bladder. It can lead to trouble with holding or releasing urine. Neurogenic bladder can be managed.

You've been told your child has an elimination dysfunction. Children often develop this problem during or after they are potty-trained. Your child's healthcare provider will talk to you about options for treatment.

It can be scary to hear that your child has blood in his or her urine. But there are many reasons why hematuria occurs that are not serious.

Your infant may look different than you had expected. You may be feeling shocked, confused, or worried that your child has sex organs that are not clearly male or female. This is called ambiguous genitalia. A health care team will help you decide how to best care for your child. Below are answers to some questions you may have.

The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. These parts work together to allow your child to think, learn, speak, and feel emotions. They also help to control basic body functions such as movement, sensation, breathing, and heartbeat. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The nerves outside the brain and spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system. Following is more information about the main parts of the nervous system.

This sheet describes possible tests used to diagnose and gather information about neurologic disorders in children. Your child's healthcare provider will tell you which of these tests your child's needs.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain. Your child may need this test to check for seizures or other conditions, like sleep apnea, brain infections, or brain tumors. Here's what you need to know about the test.

A spinal tap (also called a lumbar puncture) is a test that checks the health of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord. During the test, a small sample of CSF is removed from the spinal canal to be tested in a lab. The test is safe and does not damage the spinal cord or nerves. Within a few hours your child's body will make new fluid to replace what is removed.

An electromyogram (EMG) and a nerve conduction study (NCS) are tests that check peripheral muscle and nerve function.

A brain abscess is an infection in the brain caused by bacteria or a fungus.

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. It's often caused by a virus. Learn about the symptoms, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Intracranial hemorrhage is bleeding in the brain. This can damage brain tissue. Treatment can help reduce the chance of long-term brain problems.

Cerebral palsy (CP) causes a child to have problems with certain motor skills. This means they may have trouble with coordination, movement, or muscle control. These problems are due to damage or abnormal development of certain brain areas. Many children with CP have normal intelligence in spite of their difficulty with motor skills. With diagnosis and treatment, children can learn how to manage their condition.

Your child has been diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). This is an illness that affects the peripheral nerves. GBS can cause serious health problems. But the illness is often short-term. Many children recover fully. Here's what you need to know.

You have been told that your child has myasthenia gravis (MG). This condition causes your child's muscles to become weak. MG is a serious condition. But it can be managed. With treatment, your child can still live an active and healthy life.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a condition that involves the abnormal growth of pigment cells in the skin and of nerve cells in the body. NF1 is often not life-threatening. But problems such as seizures, developmental delay, or increased risk of tumors can happen over time. Read on to learn more.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) causes problems with nerve cells. The nerve cells develop abnormal growths called hamartomas. These growths are benign. But depending on their locations, they may cause complications. Read on to learn more.

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) causes a pink or purple birthmark called a port wine stain on the face. Abnormal blood vessels form on the surface of the brain on the same side as the port wine stain. This can lead to complications such as seizures, increased pressure in the eye (glaucoma), or developmental delay.

NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2-SWN) makes certain nerve cells more likely to develop tumors. The most common location for tumors is along the nerves in the ears (auditory nerves). This can lead to hearing loss and problems with balance.

Tourette syndrome causes repeated tics. Tics are sudden, uncontrolled vocal sounds or muscle jerks.

A child with Tourette syndrome (TS) often has other conditions related to TS. He or she may have ADHD or OCD. He or she may have a hard time with social relationships.

A child with Tourette syndrome (TS) may struggle in school and need a plan to help. Here are ways you can help identify and manage issues.

Bedwetting affects many children, teens, and even some adults. It can be frustrating. But it's often not a sign of a major problem.

It's important to stay positive and be supportive when your child wets the bed. Read on for helpful tips.

Your child is nearsighted if far away objects look blurry. Your child is farsighted if close-up objects look blurry. Other common eye problems: wandering eye, injuries, and infections.

Eye problems can happen at any age. Here are some signs, behaviors, and comments that might mean your child is having vision problems.

Colds are a common childhood illness. These suggestions should help your child get back up to speed soon.

It's normal for children to have fears. They may be afraid of monsters, ghosts, or the dark. At times, they might be frightened by a book or movie. In most cases, these fears fade over time. But children with anxiety disorders are often afraid. Or they may have fears that go away for a while but return again and again.

For some children, the pain of certain events may be too much to bear. As a result, they may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fortunately, there is hope for children who suffer trauma.

Maybe your 10-year-old is the class bully. Or your teenage daughter ignores her curfew. These actions might be normal signs of growing up. But they also may signal depression. Depression is a serious problem in both children and teens. But treatment can help.

Conduct disorder is one of the most common emotional disorders in teens. It affects twice as many boys as girls. Behavior therapy can greatly help children with conduct disorder.

Your toddler has a harsh cough that gets worse in the evening. Now he or she has woken up gasping for air. Chances are your child has croup. Read on to learn how to care for your child.

Bronchiolitis is an inflammation in the lungs. It affects the small breathing tubes. It is most common in children under 2 years of age. Children tend to get better after a few days. But in some cases, it can lead to severe illness. So a child with this lung infection must be treated and watched carefully.

Seizures can be scary for parents and caregivers, but they aren't painful and are usually brief.

Most cases of viral meningitis occur in children under 5 years of age. Viral meningitis is usually mild and often goes away without treatment. It's much less serious than bacterial meningitis.

Pneumonia is a term that means lung infection. Though most children are able to get better at home with treatment from their doctor, pneumonia can be very serious and can require hospitalization.

Your child has been diagnosed with anaphylactic shock. This is a serious kind of allergic reaction. It can happen within minutes of exposure to a substance or a trigger that causes an allergic reaction.

Your child has been diagnosed with bronchiolitis. This is a viral infection causing inflammation in the small airways in the lungs. Some children with bronchiolitis are hospitalized because they need oxygen to help them breathe or because they are dehydrated and need more fluids. Here are some instructions to help you care for your child.

Your child has been diagnosed with croup. This is often caused by a viral infection of the upper airways and voice box (larynx). You may have noticed that your child had a rough, barking cough. This is one of the most common signs of croup. Here are instructions for caring for your child at home.

Your child has been diagnosed with epilepsy, a disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, which are brief electrical disturbances in the brain. There are different kinds of seizures, and each child's seizures are unique. Here's what you need to know about home care.

Here's what you need to know following heart valve surgery for your child.

Your child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus, a condition in which extra fluid builds up in the brain. This condition is sometimes referred to as "water on the brain." The most common treatment for hydrocephalus is insertion of a shunt. This tube drains fluid from the brain to another space in the body, where it can be safely absorbed. Here's what you need to know about home care.

Your child has hypercalcemia and will need to follow certain dietary and fluid restrictions. This sheet will help you care for your child.

Hyperkalemia means there is too much potassium in the blood. Potassium affects the nerve and muscle cells including those in the heart.

Hypermagnesemia means too much magnesium in the blood. This sheet can help you care for your child.

Your child has hypernatremia and needs certain dietary restrictions and home care. This sheet can get you started.

Hyperphosphatemia means there is too much phosphorus in the blood. If your child has this condition, he or she will need to make some dietary changes.

Hypocalcemia means your child doesn't have enough calcium in his or her blood. Your child will need to make some diet changes.

Hypokalemia means there is a low level of potassium in the blood. With this condition, you will need to make some dietary changes.

Hypomagnesemia is when there is too little magnesium in the blood. It can be a serious and even deadly condition. This sheet has tips for home care.

Your child has been diagnosed with hyponatremia. This is a low level of sodium in the blood. This sheet can help you care for your child.

Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can be serious and can damage the kidneys. People with severe infection are often hospitalized. Here's what you can do at home to help your child.

The incision on your child's scalp was closed using stitches, surgical staples, or small white adhesive strips. These items must be cared for so that your child's incision heals correctly. Follow the tips on this sheet when caring for your child's incision at home.

Hypophosphatemia means there's not enough phosphorus in the blood. Here's what you need to know about home care for this condition.

Read on to learn details about hydrocele, a problem that sometimes happens to baby boys. It occurs when belly fluid builds up in the groin or in the scrotum near the testicles.

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves in the neck and shoulder. These nerves carry signals that tell the arm and hand to move. If the brachial plexus is injured, palsy (paralysis) of the arm on that side may result. This condition is not painful and is usually very treatable.

Heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart does not pump as well as it should. When this happens, fluid can build up in the lungs or body tissues (congestion). HF can cause lung problems, organ failure, and other serious problems in the body. Your child's healthcare provider will evaluate your child's heart and discuss treatment options with you.

An arrhythmia can cause your child's heart to pump blood less efficiently. many arrhythmias are harmless and don't need to be treated. But if it causes symptoms, it may need treatment.

Catheter ablation is a way to treat a tachycardia. This is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) in which the heart beats too fast.

The heart makes sounds as the heart valves open and close to allow blood to flow through the heart. When blood does not flow smoothly through the heart or heart valves, it causes the noise. This is called turbulence. Heart murmurs can be harmless (innocent) or caused by a heart problem (pathologic).

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the lining of the heart or heart valves. It used to be known as bacterial endocarditis. IE can cause serious damage to the heart. For this reason, it must be treated right away. If your child has a heart problem, be sure to check with his or her doctor about how to prevent this infection.

Kawasaki disease causes inflammation of the blood vessels, including those of the heart. It most often resolves without lasting damage. But, sometimes it can cause ongoing heart problems.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a problem with the heart muscle. It may not cause symptoms that bother your child. But it can lead to serious problems over time. The good news is that it can usually be managed.

You have been told your child has a problem with their vertebrae. These are the bones that stack together to make up the spine. Spondylolysis is a crack (defect) in the back part of a vertebra. Spondylolisthesis is the slipping forward of a vertebra. Here is information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatments.

A stinger is a shooting pain that travels down the neck to the arm. This is a common injury in kids who play football or wrestling. Learn how to treat and prevent stingers.

Your child has a mouth sore. Mouth sores can be painful and can make eating or drinking uncomfortable. But they are often not a serious problem. Read on to learn how to manage and treat them at home.

Be prepared. Know the signs of heat related illnesses and how to treat them.

Heat rash (also called prickly heat) is a common problem in children, especially babies. It causes small red bumps on the skin. It appears most often on the neck, buttocks, and skin folds. But it can appear anywhere on the body. Heat rash is not serious. It can easily be treated at home.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The urinary tract is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

If your child has dizziness or has fainted, you may be very worried. But most of the time, this is not a sign of a major health problem.

Tension headaches, while painful, are rarely a sign of a major health problem. Here is information on symptoms, treatment, and when to call the healthcare provider.

Migraines are a type of severe headache. They can be very painful. But there are things you can do to help your child feel better. And you may be able to help your child prevent migraines.

Your child has been diagnosed with phimosis. This is a condition in which your child's foreskin doesn't move over the head of the penis the way it should.

Night terrors can be more upsetting for the parents than to the child. But, most kids outgrow this and medical treatment is not needed.

Carnitine is a nutrient that helps the body's cells work normally. Primary carnitine deficiency is when not enough carnitine can get into cells in the body. This can cause muscle weakness. It can also cause heart or liver problems. Primary carnitine deficiency is a rare health problem a child is born with. It is caused by an abnormal gene.

The speech centers of the brain help coordinate what a child would like to say. With apraxia of speech, something in this process goes wrong. Read on to learn more.

Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a problem with the way the eye moves. It makes it hard to focus on things nearby. When the eyes converge, it means they point inward (toward the midline) to focus on something close. With CI, the eyes have trouble doing this. One eye may turn out instead of looking inward. CI can cause blurred vision, double vision, and eyestrain.

Sixth nerve palsy is a problem with eye movement. It happens because of a problem with the sixth cranial nerve. The nerve is also known as the abducens nerve. In some cases sixth nerve palsy is present at birth (congenital). It can also result from other problems that occur later on.

CPVT is a rare genetic condition that causes a serious irregular heartbeat.

Testicular appendage torsion is the twisting of a small piece of tissue above a testicle. The appendage doesn't have a function in the body. But it can twist and cause pain and swelling that gets worse over time. It is not the same as testicular torsion.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is a problem with listening. It may be from a problem with the way the brain processes sound (auditory) information. It causes a child to have trouble hearing and understanding speech and sounds.

Primary carnitine deficiency is a rare health problem a child is born with. It is caused by an abnormal gene.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is a problem with listening. It may be from a problem with the way the brain processes sound (auditory) information. It causes a child to have trouble hearing and understanding speech and sounds.

A skull fracture is a type of head injury. The most common causes in children include falls, sports, and motor vehicle accidents.

Treatment depends on how severe the injury is. For a mild injury, your child may just need to rest. A more serious injury may need surgery.

A cardiologist will treat your child. Treatment helps prevent the abnormal heartbeat.

A hemangioma is a growth of blood vessels that appears on the skin. It's sometimes called a strawberry hemangioma, because it's bright red. It's known as a type of birthmark. But it often can't be seen at birth.

Fibromyalgia is a condition that causes pain in muscles and soft tissues around the body. The pain may be worse in the morning and evening.

Juvenile dermatomyositis is a rare disease that causes muscle inflammation and a skin rash. It's different from other muscle diseases because it also causes skin problems.

Scleroderma is a rare, ongoing (chronic) disease that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue. It can affect the joints, skin, and internal organs.

Wilson disease is a rare genetic disorder that is passed from parents to children (inherited). It prevents your body from getting rid of extra copper in your system.

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a small hole between the 2 upper chambers of the heart, the right and the left atrium. Here's what you need to know.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a breathing problem. It affects some children who are obese. Poor breathing causes too much carbon dioxide and too little oxygen in the blood. This is a rare but life-threatening issue. Your child will need treatment right away.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a type of brain surgery. It treats hydrocephalus. This condition is when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the brain.

DBT teaches you skills to take control of your thoughts, emotions, and relationships. It seeks to balance acceptance of yourself and your life with efforts to make meaningful behavior changes.

Talking with other people can help you learn what to expect. You can learn what may be helpful in raising a child with Down syndrome.

Rotavirus is a virus that infects the small intestines. It's very common in the winter months, and is the leading cause of diarrhea in children.

RSV is a common cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children. The symptoms are often mild. But it can be a serious problem in high-risk infants and young children. Read on to learn more.

Viral respiratory illnesses include colds and flu. Treatment focuses on relieving your child's symptoms and making sure the infection does not get worse.

Endocarditis is a dangerous infection in your child's heart. These instructions can help you care for your child at home.

Your child will be going home with an Unna boot in place. An Unna boot is a dressing and wrap combination that's applied from the foot to the knee. Here's what you need to know about home care.

Vaginitis is a name for a group of vaginal infections. These include trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV), and yeast infections. The only true STD (sexually transmitted disease) is trichomoniasis. But having any type of vaginitis may increase your risk of catching other STDs.

Salmonella infection is an intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria. Some animals (such as all domestic reptiles and birds) often carry Salmonella. You or your child can be infected from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Here's what you need to know.

Giardia infection (also called giardiasis) is an intestinal illness caused by the parasite Giardia. This parasite is found in food or water contaminated with stool from infected people or animals. Giardia infection is often passed in contaminated water. This most often happens when someone swallows water from a pool, lake, or stream.

E coli is a common bacteria found inside of people and animals' intestines. it is also found in the environment and in food. But certain types (strains) of E coli are harmful and can cause severe illness in people. You or your child can be infected by swallowing food or water that contain the bacteria. Contamination occurs when food or water comes in contact with stool from infected humans and animals.

A flu vaccine is the best protection against the flu (influenza) for your child and other family members. It's best to get vaccinated each year, as soon as the vaccine is available in your area.

The flu (influenza) is caused by a virus that's easy to spread, especially among kids in school or daycare. The flu can make children very sick. Here are ways to prevent and treat the flu in your child.

Colds and flu differ in a few key ways. Knowing more about these infections may make it easier to prevent them. And if your child does get sick, you can help keep symptoms from becoming worse.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria (germs) that can spread from person to person. It's carried through the air in tiny droplets. Most often, TB infects the lungs, but it also can harm other parts of the body. When not treated properly, TB can be fatal. There are two types of TB: inactive and active. Most children who have TB have the inactive form.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease causes mouth sores and a rash on the hands, feet, or buttocks.

Lymph nodes can swell due to illness or infection. They can also swell for unknown reasons. In most cases, swollen lymph nodes (also called swollen glands) aren't a serious problem. They usually return to their original size with no treatment or when the illness or infection has passed.

Scarlet fever is an illness that appears as a red (scarlet) rash on the body. It is caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat. Scarlet fever was once a serious childhood illness. Now, it can be treated with medicine and home care. Here's what you need to know.

Chickenpox is an illness that can easily spread from person to person (contagious). It causes an itchy skin rash that appears as bumps and blisters. The rash can spread all over the body. Though chickenpox can cause some discomfort, most children recover with no lasting effects. Here is information to help you care for your child.

Pinworms are tiny white worms that are visible to the naked eye. They infect the intestines. Pinworms are generally harmless. They do not cause serious health problems. Your child can easily be treated with medicine.

Fifth disease is a viral infection that is common in children. Fifth disease is also known as slapped cheek disease. This is due to the bright red facial rash that is one of the signs of the infection. Fifth disease usually goes away on its own with no lasting problems.

Sepsis is a severe response the body has to an infection. It is most often caused by bacteria. A baby can be infected before birth, during delivery, or after birth.

Rheumatic fever is a complex disease that affects the joints, skin, heart, blood vessels, and brain. It occurs mainly in children between ages 5 and 15.

Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint fluid (synovial fluid) and joint tissues. It occurs more often in children than in adults. Learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

HSP is a condition that causes swelling and inflammation of small blood vessels. It occurs most often in children between ages 2 and 6.

A fever is a natural reaction of the body to an illness. Your child's temperature itself usually isn't harmful. A fever actually helps the body fight infections. Here's what you need to know about caring for your child when he or she has a fever.

Herpangina is a very common illness in children. It causes small blisterlike bumps or sores (ulcers) in the mouth.

There are many types of enteroviruses. The viruses mostly cause illness in babies, children, and teens. This is because most adults have already been exposed to many enteroviruses and have built up immunity.

Understand the basics about HIV post-exposure prevention in children.

Your child has been diagnosed with a liver problem. This sheet describes some of the common signs and symptoms your child may experience. Some mean your child should go to the emergency room. Others are not as serious, but you should still tell your child's doctor the first time you notice them.

This sheet describes common tests that may be done for liver problems. Your child's health care provider will tell you which of these tests your child needs.

Your child has been diagnosed with a hepatitis infection. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver. Many things can cause it. One of the causes is infection with a virus called the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The illness caused by HBV infection can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Acute hepatitis B causes flulike symptoms. It's usually mild in children. In most cases, the virus dies off after this acute infection. But if HBV stays in the child's body after the acute illness, this means the child has chronic hepatitis.

Your child has been diagnosed with a hepatitis infection. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver. Many things can cause it. One of the causes is infection with a virus called the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In some cases, hepatitis C goes away on its own. But for most people, hepatitis C is a chronic (lifelong) problem. Hepatitis C almost never causes symptoms until later in the disease. Even so, hepatitis C can cause severe liver damage over time. And a child who has it can pass the virus to others.

The liver makes a substance called bile. It helps with digestion of food and helps carry waste out of the liver. Bile drains out of the liver through tubes called bile ducts. It drains through these ducts into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). If a child has biliary atresia, it means that some or all bile ducts aren't formed correctly, are damaged, or are missing. As a result, bile can't drain from the liver as it should.

Your acne treatment will work best if you follow your treatment plan. Acne often takes months to improve, so you will need to be patient.

Cellulitis is an infection of the deep layers of skin. Cellulitis can get into the bloodstream and lymph nodes and spread throughout the body, causing very serious illness. It is important for a child with cellulitis to get medical attention right away.

"Lice are very tiny insects. They like to live in hair, so they are often called ""head lice."" An infection with head lice is very common in school-age children, but anyone, even adults, can get lice. Lice do not live on pets and cannot jump, fly, or walk on the ground. But they easily pass from child to child through close contact and on clothes, bed linens, brushes and combs, hats, and toys."

Your child was diagnosed with cellulitis. This is an infection that occurs at the deepest layer of the skin. Follow these instructions for care when you get home.

Impetigo is a skin infection that can easily spread from person to person.

"Pityriasis rosea is a kind of skin rash. It usually affects the chest and back. The rash may start with a single, large oval patch called a ""herald patch."" Smaller patches may appear a few days later. Pityriasis rosea occurs more often in older children and teenagers but anyone can get it."

Ringworm is a fungal infection that affects the skin. It is contagious (able to spread from person to person). Ringworm appears as a round or oval patch. It is smooth in the center with a scaly, red border. The most commonly affected areas are the scalp, feet, nails, and groin. It is called ringworm because of the way it looks. It is NOT caused by a worm. Ringworm is not serious and can usually be treated at home.

Warts are small growths on the skin. They can appear anywhere on the body and be any size. Warts are harmless. But they may bother your child if they appear on areas such as the face or hands.

Roseola is a common viral infection in children. It is also known as sixth disease. Roseola is not a major health problem. It goes away on its own without treatment. Here's what you need to know about caring for your child.

Cold sores (also called fever blisters) are a common problem in children. They usually appear outside the mouth. Cold sores often begin as 1 or a cluster of blisters, which then crust or scab over. They can spread through direct contact.

Tissue expanding slowly stretches a healthy patch of skin. This extra skin is then used to cover or replace scarred skin.

GERD is sometimes called acid indigestion or heartburn. It happens when stomach contents flow back up (reflux) into the esophagus. If your child has GERD, he or she should be checked by a healthcare provider.

Abdominal pain is very common in children, and in many cases there's no serious cause. But stomach pain can sometimes point to a serious problem, such as appendicitis, so it is important to know when to seek help.

Here are guidelines for caring for your child when you get home from the hospital.

This is a health problem in which part of the intestine slides inside another part. Blood flow to part of the intestine can then become blocked. This can cause severe damage if not treated. Here's how to care for your child once he or she is at home.

GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. You may also hear it called acid indigestion or heartburn. It happens when food from the stomach flows back up (refluxes) into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). GERD is common in infants.

A hernia occurs when a section of bowel pushes out through a weakness in the muscle. The hernia looks like a bulge under the skin. In baby boys, a bulge in the scrotum is the most common type of hernia and is the result of a persistent canal between the scrotum and abdomen that normally closes when a fetus is developing. A hernia can move back into the abdomen through the passage. So you may not see the bulge all the time. You may see it most when your baby is straining (such as during crying, feeding, or a bowel movement).

Learn more about Cryptosporidium infection, an intestinal illness caused by a parasite. The infection is often passed in tainted water. This most often happens when someone swallows water from a pool, lake, or stream that contains the parasite.

Constipation is a common problem in children. Your child has constipation if he or she has stools that are hard and dry, which often leads to straining or difficulty passing stool.

Diarrhea is one of the most common illnesses in children. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration (loss of too much water from the body), which can be serious. So, preventing dehydration is important in managing your child's diarrhea.

Celiac disease is a problem that affects your child's ability to get nutrients from food. It is caused by a sensitivity to gluten. This is a protein found in many grains. Celiac cannot be cured, but it can be managed and the damage reversed.

Children with dysphagia have problems swallowing food or liquids. It often affects children who are just learning to eat solid foods. Dysphagia can make it hard for your child to get enough nutrients for good growth. Read on to learn more.

Blood in your child's vomit or stool can be a sign of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. GI bleeding can be scary for you and your child. Many times, the cause of the bleeding is not serious. Still, your child should ALWAYS be seen by a healthcare provider if GI bleeding happens.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common condition in children. It affects your child's digestive tract, where food is broken down to give your child energy and help him or her grow. No one knows exactly what causes IBS, although it may be a result of the nerves in the intestine being overly sensitive, causing spasm and changes in the way the intestine contracts. IBS may come and go, but there are things you can do to help your child feel better.

Lactose intolerance is not a milk allergy. Having lactose intolerance means that your child can't digest lactose. This is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Lactose intolerance can be managed. Here's what you should know.

Your child is having vomiting or retching (gagging) that goes on for hours, or even days. During this time, your child may also have headaches or stomach pain. Then it goes away for weeks or months at a time. Your child may have a rare problem called cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). CVS is sometimes known as abdominal migraine.

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes swelling and sores in your child's digestive tract. The whole tract may be affected, from the mouth to the anus (where stool leaves the body). Swelling and sores make it harder for the body to get nutrients from food. This can make your child feel very ill. It can also lead to problems with growth. No one knows what causes Crohn's disease. There is no cure. But your child's symptoms can be managed.

Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It affects your child's large intestine (colon) and rectum (where stool is stored before leaving the body). Ulcerative colitis causes swelling, bleeding, and sometimes sores in this part of the digestive tract. No one knows what causes ulcerative colitis, but your child's symptoms can be managed.

Detailed information on what to do when your child has uncontrolled leakage of stool.

An ulcer is a breakdown of tissue on the inside of the stomach or small intestine. This causes a sore to form. An ulcer can form in the stomach (a gastric ulcer). Or one can form in the first part of the small intestine (a duodenal ulcer). In children, ulcers are often caused by an infection with bacteria (such as Helicobacter pylori), certain medicines (such as NSAIDs), or an increase in stomach acid.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common bacteria. It is a cause of ulcers (sores). It weakens the mucous layer that coats the inside of the stomach and duodenum (first part of the small intestine). This allows stomach acid to flow through the weakened layer and burn the tissue of the stomach wall below.

A detailed look at what to know when your child has appendicitis, from symptoms and diagnosis to treatment and recovery.

In a child with Hirschsprung's disease, nerves are missing in the anus and rectum and in part or all of the colon. The part of the colon without nerves can't relax. So, stool can't leave the body.

While a baby is still in the womb, its intestines (bowels) form. As they form, they move into their normal position in the abdomen (belly). Intestinal malrotation happens when the intestines don't form in the right position. The intestines may bend the wrong way. Or, parts of the intestine may end up in the wrong part of the abdomen. Bands of tissue called Ladd bands can grow between the intestines and body wall. These secure the intestines in the wrong place. Ladd bands can also block part of the intestine, causing digestive problems.

A volvulus occurs when the intestine (bowel) twists in a way it's not supposed to. The twist can cut off blood flow to part of the intestine. The part of the intestine not receiving blood can die. This can cause serious digestive problems. A volvulus can even be fatal.

A Meckel's diverticulum is a small pouch of tissue on the intestine (bowel). It forms when a baby is still growing in the uterus. Read on to learn more.

The bowel (intestine) is a very long tube. It is coiled up tightly inside the abdomen. Intussusception occurs when a portion of the bowel slides inside another portion. This happens in the same way that parts of a telescope slide inside each other when you close it. The bowel can slide back out by itself. Or, it can get stuck. Blood supply to part of the bowel could then become blocked. This can cause severe damage if not treated.

Vomiting is most often caused by viral infection or food poisoning. It usually lasts only a day or two. The biggest concern when your child is vomiting is dehydration (too little fluid in the body). This sheet tells you what you can do to help your child feel better and stay hydrated.

GERD happens when stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus. GERD can irritate the esophagus. It can also cause problems with swallowing or breathing.

Vomiting and diarrhea are common in children. A child can quickly lose too much fluid and become dehydrated. When this occurs, body fluids must be replaced. This is done by giving small amounts of liquids often.

Rumination syndrome causes an automatic regurgitation of recently eaten food. Here's what you need to know about this disorder.

Watch this video to understand how to care for your child at home after a cardiac catheterization for PDA.